1.1.1 Mis on riistvara? ICDL 1.1.1
Hardware is the physical parts of a computer — anything you can see and touch. This includes the main computer types and all connected equipment.
Arvutite põhiliigid:
1.1.2 Sisseehitatud ja välised seadmed ICDL 1.1.2
Equipment can be integrated (seadmesse sisseehitatud) või external (eraldi ühendatud):
1.1.3 Levinud pordid ja pistikud ICDL 1.1.3
Pordid on arvuti pesad, kuhu ühendad seadmeid. Õpi tundma neid kolme olulist porti:
| Port | Full Name | What It Connects | Vaata |
|---|---|---|---|
| USB | Universal Serial Bus | Peaaegu kõik! Hiir, klaviatuur, telefon, printer, mälupulgad, veebikaamera | Rectangular (USB-A), Oval (USB-C) |
| HDMI | High-Definition Multimedia Interface | Kuvarid, telerid, projektorid — edastab nii pilti KUI KA heli | Trapezoidal (wider on top) |
| VGA | Video Graphics Array | Vanemad kuvarid ja projektorid — ainult video (helita) | Blue, 15-pin D-shape connector |
1.1.4 Arvuti käivitamine ja sulgemine ICDL 1.1.4
| Toiming | What It Does | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| 🔓 Logi sisse | Enter your username and password to access your account | When you start the computer or switch users |
| 🔒 Logi välja | Closes your session but keeps the computer running | When sharing a computer with others |
| 🔁 Restart / Reboot | Turns the computer off and back on again | Pärast uuenduste paigaldamist või kui miski ei tööta |
| ⏹️ Shut Down | Turns the computer completely off | When you're done using it for the day |
| 😴 Sleep / Suspend | Säästurežiim; ärkab kiiresti | When taking a short break |
| 🔄 Switch User | Logi teise kontoga sisse enda oma sulgemata | When someone else needs the computer briefly |
1.1.5–1.1.6 Seadmete ühendamine ja eemaldamine ICDL 1.1.5–1.1.6
To connect: Ühenda USB-kaabel või seade USB-porti. Arvuti tuvastab selle automaatselt (seda nimetatakse isehäälestumiseks ehk „plug and play”). Ilmub teavitus.
To disconnect safely:
- Close all files you're using from the USB device
- Click the "Safely Remove" icon in the system tray (bottom-right corner)
- Select the device and click "Eject"
- Wait for the "Safe to remove" message
- Ühenda seade nüüd lahti
Bluetooth is a wireless technology for connecting devices over short distances (up to ~10 meters). Used for wireless keyboards, mice, headphones, and speakers.
To connect (pair):
- Turn on Bluetooth on your computer (Settings → Bluetooth → On)
- Put the device in "pairing mode" (usually hold a button until a light flashes)
- Your computer will discover the device — click on it to pair
- Enter a PIN code if asked (often 0000 or 1234)
- The device is now connected!
To disconnect: Go to Bluetooth settings → click the device → choose "Disconnect" or "Remove".
1.2.1 Mis on tarkvara? ICDL 1.2.1
Software is a set of instructions (code) that tells hardware what to do. Unlike hardware, you cannot touch software — it lives inside the computer.
🖥️ Operatsioonisüsteem (OS): The "boss" software that manages everything — hardware, files, memory, security. Examples: Linux, Windows, macOS, Android, iOS.
📱 Rakendused (äpid): Programs you use for specific tasks — writing, drawing, browsing. Examples: LibreOffice Writer, Firefox, GIMP.
Software can be installed locally (salvestatud sinu arvutisse) või accessed online (kasutatakse veebibrauseri kaudu, nagu Google Docs või Nextcloud).
1.2.2 Levinud operatsioonisüsteemid ICDL 1.2.2
| OS | Tegija | Used On | Avatud lähtekoodiga? |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🐧 Linux (Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora) | Community | Arvutid, serverid, Raspberry Pi, superarvutid | ✅ Yes — FREE |
| 🪟 Windows | Microsoft | Enamik laua- ja sülearvuteid | ❌ No |
| 🍎 macOS | Apple | Ainult Maci arvutid | ❌ No |
| 📱 Android | Google (based on Linux!) | Enamik nutitelefone ja tahvleid | ✅ Partially |
| 🍏 iOS / iPadOS | Apple | iPhone & iPad only | ❌ No |
| 🦊 ChromeOS | Google (based on Linux!) | Chromebooks | ✅ Partially |
1.2.3 Levinud rakendused ICDL 1.2.3
| Category | Purpose | 🔓 Avatud lähtekoodiga näide | 🔒 Omanduslik näide |
|---|---|---|---|
| 📝 Kontoritöö tootlikkus | Documents, spreadsheets, presentations | LibreOffice | Microsoft Office |
| 🌐 Web Browser | Browse the internet | Firefox, Chromium | Google Chrome, Safari |
| 📧 Suhtlus | Email, messaging, video calls | Thunderbird, Element | Outlook, Teams |
| 👥 Social Networking | Connect with others online | Mastodon, Diaspora | Facebook, Instagram |
| 🎨 Design & Media | Fototöötlus, joonistamine, video | GIMP, Inkscape, Kdenlive | Photoshop, Premiere |
🎮 Activity: Input or Output? Match the Devices!
Drag each device to the correct category:
2.1.1 Failihaldur ja töölaud ICDL 2.1.1
The File Manager (Linuxis nimega „Failid” või „Nautilus”) on programm failide ja kaustade sirvimiseks, leidmiseks ning korrastamiseks. See on nagu digitaalne dokumendikapp.
The Desktop is the main screen you see after logging in. You can place shortcuts here. The Taskbar/Panel (tavaliselt üla- või allservas) näitab töötavaid rakendusi, kella, teavitusi ja süsteemi juhtelemente.
2.1.2 Levinud ikoonid ja failitüübid ICDL 2.1.2
You'll see these icons on your computer. Learn to recognise them:
Common file types you must know:
| Extension | Type | Avatakse rakendusega | Icon |
|---|---|---|---|
.odt / .docx | Word processing document | LibreOffice Writer | 📝 |
.ods / .xlsx | Spreadsheet | LibreOffice Calc | 📊 |
.odp / .pptx | Presentation | LibreOffice Impress | 📽️ |
.pdf | Kaasaskantav dokumendivorming | PDF-vaatur (Evince) | 📄 |
.jpg / .png / .gif | Image file | Image Viewer | 🖼️ |
.mp3 / .wav | Audio file | Muusikapleier | 🎵 |
.mp4 / .avi | Video file | Video Player | 🎬 |
.zip / .tar.gz | Compressed archive | Archive Manager | 📦 |
.exe (Windows) / .AppImage (Linux) | Executable / application | Operatsioonisüsteem | ⚙️ |
2.1.3 Kaustade hierarhia ja navigeerimine ICDL 2.1.3
Files are organized in a hierarchical structure — folders inside folders, like boxes inside bigger boxes. In Linux:
2.1.4 Vaaterežiimide muutmine ICDL 2.1.4
The File Manager can display files in different views:
| View | Shows | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| 🔲 Icons / Tiles | Large icons with file names | Quickly seeing image thumbnails |
| 📋 Loend | Small icons in a vertical list | Seeing many files at once |
| 📊 Details | Nimi + suurus + tüüp + muutmise kuupäev | Sorting and finding files by properties |
2.1.5 Failide otsimine ICDL 2.1.5
Search by: file name (tervikuna või osaliselt), file content, või date modified.
* means "anything". Example: *.pdf finds all PDF files. report* finds all files starting with "report".2.2.1–2.2.6 Failide ja kaustade korrastamine ICDL 2.2
Right-click in empty space → "New Folder" → type a name → press Enter. Or use Ctrl + Shift + N.
Good naming: "Math_Homework_2025" ✅ "stuff" ❌ "asdfgh" ❌
Select the item → press F2 → type new name → press Enter. Or right-click → Rename.
Rules: Don't use these characters in names: / \ : * ? " < > |. Ära muuda kogemata faililaiendit!
Kõrvuti (üksteise kõrval): Click the first file, hold Shift, klõpsa viimasel failil.
Mittekülgnevad (hajutatud): Hold Ctrl and click each file you want.
Select all: Ctrl + A
| Toiming | Shortcut | What Happens |
|---|---|---|
| Copy | Ctrl + C | Teeb koopia — algne jääb alles |
| Cut (Move) | Ctrl + X | Teisaldab faili — algne eemaldatakse |
| Kleebi | Ctrl + V | Paigutab kopeeritud/lõigatud üksuse praegusesse asukohta |
| Undo | Ctrl + Z | Reverses the last action |
You can also copy/move between different drives!
Delete: Select → press Delete key → file goes to Trash.
Restore: Ava prügikast → paremklõpsa failil → „Restore” / „Put Back”.
Püsiv kustutamine: Shift + Delete (jätab prügikasti vahele — ole ettevaatlik!).
Empty Trash: Right-click Trash icon → "Empty Trash" (gone forever!).
In the File Manager, click column headers to sort:
By Name: A→Z (ascending) or Z→A (descending)
By Size: Smallest to largest or largest to smallest
By Type: Groups similar file types together
By Date Modified: Uuemad või vanemad eespool
2.3 Andmekandjad ja andmemahud ICDL 2.3
| Storage Type | Internal/External | Speed | Typical Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🖴 Sisemine kõvaketas (HDD) | Internal | Keskmine | 500 GB – 4 TB |
| ⚡ Solid State Drive (SSD) | Internal / External | Very Fast | 128 GB – 2 TB |
| 🔌 USB-mälupulk | External, portable | Keskmine | 4 GB – 256 GB |
| 💳 Mälukaart (SD/MicroSD) | External, tiny | Keskmine | 8 GB – 1 TB |
| 🌐 Network Drive (NAS) | Võrk | Depends on network | 1 TB – 100+ TB |
| ☁️ Cloud Storage | Võrgus | Depends on internet | 5 GB – Unlimited (paid) |
| 💿 Väline kõvaketas | External | Keskmine kuni kiire | 500 GB – 5 TB |
Data size units:
| Unit | Lühend | Size | Real-World Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kilobyte | KB | 1,000 baiti | Lühike e-kiri või tekstifail |
| Megabait | MB | 1,000 KB | Üks foto (3–5 MB) või üks laul |
| Gigabyte | GB | 1,000 MB | Umbes 250 laulu või lühifilm |
| Terabyte | TB | 1,000 GB | Umbes 500 tundi videot |
| Petabait | PB | 1,000 TB | Kõik Facebooki fotod! |
2.3.3 Failide ja kaustade omaduste vaatamine ICDL 2.3.3
Right-click any file or folder → choose „Omadused“ to see: name, size, location (path), type, and last modified date.
2.4 Rakenduste haldamine ICDL 2.4
Install on Linux:
- Ava „Software Center” (Ubuntu Software / GNOME Software)
- Search for the app → click "Install" → enter password if needed
Või terminali kaudu: sudo apt install gimp
Uninstall: Software Center → "Installed" tab → find the app → click "Remove".
If a program stops responding (freezes):
Meetod 1: Right-click the app in the taskbar → "Force Quit" or "Close"
Meetod 2: Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete → select the frozen app → "End Task" / "Kill"
Meetod 3 (Linux): Ava terminal → sisesta xkill → click on the frozen window
| Toiming | Shortcut |
|---|---|
| Capture full screen | Print Screen (PrtSc) |
| Capture active window only | Alt + Print Screen |
| Capture a selected area | Shift + Print Screen |
The screenshot is usually saved automatically to your Pictures folder or copied to the clipboard.
🎮 Activity: Match the Extension!
Click an extension on the left, then click its matching type on the right:
3.1.1 Mis on võrk? ICDL 3.1.1
A network is two or more computers connected together so they can share data, applications, and devices (like printers).
| Võrgu tüüp | Range | Example |
|---|---|---|
| LAN (Kohtvõrk) | Small area — one building or room | School computer lab, home wifi |
| WAN (Laivõrk) | Large area — cities or countries | The Internet is the biggest WAN! |
| WLAN (Traadita kohtvõrk) | Small area — using wifi | Wifi in your classroom |
3.1.2 Alla- ja üleslaadimine ICDL 3.1.2
⬆️ Uploading = Sending data FROM your computer TO the internet. (Example: posting a photo on social media)
3.1.3 Internet ja selle kasutus ICDL 3.1.3
The Internet is a massive global network connecting billions of computers and devices. It's used for:
3.2.1 Ühendusviisid ICDL 3.2.1
| Connection Type | Kuidas see töötab | Speed | Pros & Cons |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🔌 Wired (Ethernet) | Füüsiline kaabel arvutist ruuterisse | Very fast & stable | ✅ Reliable, secure. ❌ Not portable. |
| 📶 Wireless (WiFi) | Radio waves from a router | Fast (range ~50m) | ✅ No cables, portable. ❌ Can be intercepted. |
| 📱 Mobiilne andmeside (4G/5G) | Cell towers via your phone's SIM card | Keskmine kuni kiire | ✅ Works anywhere with coverage. ❌ Data limits, costs money. |
3.2.2 WiFi turvalisus ICDL 3.2.2
🔓 Avatud WiFi: Parooli pole vaja. Igaüks saab liituda JA võib näha sinu andmeid. Kohvikutes ja avalikes kohtades. Avoid entering passwords or personal info on open wifi.
To connect to WiFi:
- Click the network/wifi icon in the system tray (top-right corner)
- Kuvatakse saadaolevate võrkude loend — vali enda oma
- Enter the password if it's a protected network
- Wait for the connection icon to show you're connected
To disconnect: Click the wifi icon → click your network → "Disconnect".
4.1.1 Peamised veebimõisted ICDL 4.1.1
| Term | Full Name | Tähendus |
|---|---|---|
| WWW | World Wide Web | Veebilehtede süsteem, millele pääseb interneti kaudu ligi brauseriga. See pole sama mis internet — internet on võrk, veeb on sellel paiknev sisu. |
| URL | Uniform Resource Locator | The address of a web page. Example: https://www.libreoffice.org. Lehe külastamiseks sisesta see aadressiribale. |
| Hyperlink | — | Klõpsatav link, mis viib teisele lehele. Tavaliselt sinine ja allajoonitud. Võib viidata ka failidele, e-posti aadressidele või sama lehe jaotistele. |
4.1.2–4.1.4 Searching the Web ICDL 4.1.2–4.1.4
A search engine is a tool that finds web pages based on your search words. Common search engines: Google, DuckDuckGo (privacy-focused!), Bing.
Search techniques:
| Technique | How | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple keyword | Type one or more words | LibreOffice download |
| Exact phrase | Put words in "quotes" | "open source software" |
| Image search | Click "Images" tab in search | Find pictures of the Eiffel Tower |
| Filter by date | Use search tools → select date range | Find results from the last week only |
| Filter by type | Use search tools → file type | Find only .pdf results |
4.2 Managing Online Information ICDL 4.2
Bookmark = Save a web page address so you can revisit it quickly.
Järjehoidja lisamine: Press Ctrl + D or click the star icon ⭐ in the address bar.
Create bookmark folder: Bookmarks menu → "Manage Bookmarks" → "New Folder" → name it (e.g., "School Research").
Delete: Right-click the bookmark → "Delete".
When you click a download link, the browser saves the file (usually to your Downloads folder).
Choose where to save: Some browsers ask each time. In Firefox: Settings → General → "Always ask you where to save files".
Check downloads: Press Ctrl + J to see your download history.
Press Ctrl + P to open print dialog. You can:
• Preview — see how the page will look on paper
• Print entire page or just a selection (märgi esmalt tekst, seejärel vali prindisuvanditest „Valik”)
• Save as PDF — choose "Print to PDF" as the printer
Copyright = Legal protection for creative work (text, images, music, videos). The creator controls how it's used.
Intellectual Property (IP) = Ideas and creations that belong to someone — inventions, designs, brands, artwork.
Important rules:
• Always acknowledge sources — say where you got information from
• Ask permission before using someone else's work
• Use free/open-source content when possible (Creative Commons licenses)
• Mitte kunagi copy and pretend it's your own work (that's plagiarism!)
4.3 Browser Settings ICDL 4.3
| Setting | What It Is | How to Change (Firefox) |
|---|---|---|
| 🏠 Home Page | The page that loads when you open the browser or click the Home button | Settings → Home → Custom URL |
| 🪟 Hüpikaknad | Small windows that open automatically (often ads). Usually annoying — block them! | Settings → Privacy → Block pop-up windows ✅ |
| 🍪 Cookies | Small files websites save on your computer to remember you (login, preferences). Can track you across sites. | Settings → Privacy → Cookies → choose level |
| 🧹 Clear History | Delete browsing history, temp files, saved passwords, form data | Ctrl + Shift + Delete |
5.1.1 E-post ICDL 5.1.1
E-post (elektronpost) võimaldab saata sõnumeid, faile ja pilte kõigile, kellel on e-posti aadress. See on kõige olulisem professionaalse suhtluse tööriist.
username@domain.comExample:
student@alinli.org — "student" is the username, "alinli.org" is the domain (the email provider).Email applications: Thunderbird (avatud lähtekoodiga!), Outlook või veebipõhine e-post (Gmail, ProtonMail).
5.1.2–5.1.3 Other Communication Tools ICDL 5.1.2–5.1.3
| Tool | Features | Avatud lähtekoodi näited |
|---|---|---|
| 💬 Sõnumivahetus | Real-time text chat, emojis, file sharing | Element (Matrix), Signal |
| 📞 Häälkõned | Voice calls over internet (VoIP) | Jitsi Meet, Mumble |
| 📹 Videokõned | Face-to-face communication via webcam | Jitsi Meet, BigBlueButton |
| 👥 Social Networking | Share posts, photos, connect with people | Mastodon, Diaspora, Pixelfed |
| 💭 Foorumid | Discussion boards organized by topics/threads | Discourse, Reddit-style platforms |
5.1.4 Good Communication Practices ICDL 5.1.4
✅ Use the right tool for the situation (email for formal, messaging for quick chats)
✅ Match your tone to the audience (teacher vs. friend)
✅ Be A-B-C: Accurate, Brief, Clear
❌ Never share private/sensitive information unnecessarily
❌ Never send inappropriate content
✅ Follow your school's usage policies
5.2 Sending Email ICDL 5.2
| Field | Purpose | Who Can See It? |
|---|---|---|
| To: | Põhisaaja(d) | Everyone |
| Cc: (Koopia) | Teised, kes peaksid e-kirja nägema „teadmiseks” | Everyone |
| Bcc: (Pimekoopia) | Hidden recipients — others can't see them | Ainult Bcc-saaja ja saatja |
| Subject: | Brief title describing the email's topic | Everyone |
| Body: | The main message content | Everyone |
| Attachments: | Files added to the email (📎) | Everyone |
5.3 Receiving & Replying ICDL 5.3
| Toiming | What It Does | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| ↩️ Reply | Sends response to the sender only | When only the sender needs your answer |
| ↩️↩️ Reply All | Sends to sender AND everyone in To/Cc | When everyone needs to see your response |
| ➡️ Forward | Sends the email to someone new | When sharing info with someone not in the original email |
Attachments received: Ava manus sellel klõpsates. Salvestamiseks paremklõpsa → „Save As” → vali asukoht.
5.4–5.5 Email Management ICDL 5.4–5.5
Kontorist väljas viibimise automaatvastus: Automatic reply sent when you're away (vacation, holiday). Set in Settings → "Out of Office" or "Auto-Reply".
Märgi loetuks/lugemata: Right-click → "Mark as Read" or "Mark as Unread". Unread emails appear bold.
Flag an email: Click the flag icon to mark important emails for follow-up. Click again to remove the flag.
Contacts: Create, update, and delete contacts (name + email). Group contacts into distribution lists to email many people at once.
Search: Search emails by sender, subject, or content using the search bar.
Sort: Click column headers to sort by name, date, or size.
Folders/Labels: Create folders (like "School", "Personal") to organise emails. Drag emails into folders.
Delete: Select email → press Delete → goes to Trash. Restore from Trash if needed.
Junk/Spam: Märgi soovimatud kirjad rämpspostiks. Tõsta õiged kirjad rämpspostist VÄLJA, kui need sinna ekslikult sattusid.
5.6 Using Calendars ICDL 5.6
Digital calendars help you schedule events, meetings, and reminders. In Thunderbird, the calendar is built-in!
| Toiming | How |
|---|---|
| 📅 Loo koosolek/sündmus | Click the date/time → add title, location, time, description → Save |
| ✏️ Update an event | Double-click the event → edit details → Save |
| ❌ Cancel/Delete an event | Right-click → Delete. If others are invited, they'll get a cancellation notice. |
| 👥 Add invitees | When creating: add people's emails in "Invite Attendees" field |
| 🏢 Add resources | Lisa koosolekuruum või seadmed ressursside väljale |
| ✅ Accept / ❌ Decline | When you receive a meeting invitation, click Accept, Decline, or Tentative |
📖 Internetiallikad
6.1.1 Threats to Computers & Data ICDL 6.1.1
6.1.2 How to Protect Your Computer ICDL 6.1.2
| Protection Method | What It Does |
|---|---|
| 🛡️ Anti-virus software | Scans for and removes malware. Keep it updated! (ClamAV is open-source) |
| 🔄 Update software regularly | Updates fix security holes. Update your OS, browser, and all apps |
| 🚫 Don't open unknown links/files | Don't download from unknown sources. Don't click suspicious email links |
| 🔐 Use encryption | Scrambles your data so only authorized people can read it |
| 🔑 Use strong passwords | Pikk (12+ märki), suur- ja väiketähtede, numbrite ning sümbolitega |
| 💾 Back up regularly | Copy important files to an external drive or cloud storage |
6.1.3 Staying Safe Online ICDL 6.1.3
🔒 Kontrolli https:// and the padlock icon before entering any personal info
🛒 Osta ainult siit: secure, reputable websites
🤐 Don't share unnecessary private or financial information
🚪 Alati log off from websites when done (especially on shared computers)
📧 Ole teadlik phishing — fake emails pretending to be from banks, companies, etc.
🎣 Check the sender's actual email address — phishing emails often have suspicious addresses
6.1.4 Using Anti-Virus Software ICDL 6.1.4
Anti-virus software protects your computer by scanning files for malware. On Linux, ClamAV is a free, open-source anti-virus.
- Install anti-virus software (ClamAV:
sudo apt install clamav) - Update the virus definitions regularly
- Run a full system scan periodically
- Scan any new USB drives or downloaded files before opening
6.2.1 Physical Well-Being ICDL 6.2.1
6.2.2 Accessibility Options ICDL 6.2.2
Computers include features to help people with different abilities:
| Feature | What It Does | Who It Helps |
|---|---|---|
| 🗣️ Hääletuvastus | Control the computer using your voice | Inimesed, kes ei saa kasutada klaviatuuri/hiirt |
| 📖 Ekraanilugeja | Reads text on screen out loud (Orca in Linux) | Pimedad või vaegnägijad |
| 🔍 Ekraaniluup | Zooms in on parts of the screen | Vaegnägijad |
| ⌨️ On-Screen Keyboard | Virtuaalne klaviatuur, mida klõpsad hiirega | Inimesed, kes ei saa kasutada füüsilist klaviatuuri |
| 🎨 High Contrast | Muudab teksti ja servad palju nähtavamaks | Nägemispuudega inimesed |
6.3 Environment — Green IT ICDL 6.3
• Turn off computers when not in use (don't just leave them on all day!)
• Kuvaseadete muutmine: reduce brightness, use shorter screen timeout
• Use power saving mode: Settings → Power → enable energy saver
• Disable unused services: Turn off Bluetooth and WiFi when not needed
♻️ Recycling:
• Recycle old computers, phones, batteries, printer cartridges, and cables at e-waste facilities
• Reduce paper: Print only when necessary; use both sides; use digital documents
• Donate working old devices to schools or charities
Alin Li ICDL akadeemia — Computer & Online Essentials · Complete Module