A computer is an electronic machine that can store, process, and display information. Computers help us do amazing things — from writing stories to exploring outer space! But how do they work? Let's find out!
🖥️ Arvutite tüübid
Computers come in many shapes and sizes. Each type is designed for different tasks:
⚙️ Hardware vs. Software
Every computer is made up of two important things:
Software = programmid ja juhised, mis ütlevad riistvarale, mida teha (rakendused, mängud ja operatsioonisüsteem).
Think of it this way: Hardware is like your body, and software is like your brain telling your body what to do!
🔌 Arvuti põhiosad
Click each part below to learn what it does:
📥 Sisend- ja väljundseadmed
Devices that connect to a computer are either input või output devices:
| Input Devices (INTO the computer) | Väljundseadmed (arvutist VÄLJA) |
|---|---|
| ⌨️ Keyboard — type text | 🖵 Kuvar — kuvab pilte |
| 🖱️ Hiir — osutamine ja klõpsamine | 🔊 Kõlarid — esitavad heli |
| 🎤 Microphone — record voice | 🖨️ Printer — prindib paberile |
| 📷 Kaamera / veebikaamera — jäädvustab pilte | 🎧 Headphones — personal sound |
| 🎮 Game Controller — play games | 📽️ Projektor — kuvab seinale |
| 👆 Touchscreen — tap to interact | 🕶️ VR-peakomplekt — virtuaalreaalsus |
📖 Loe lähemalt (internetiallikad)
🤔 Mis on operatsioonisüsteem?
Üks Operatsioonisüsteem (OS) is the most important software on your computer. It manages everything — the screen, the keyboard, your files, and all the programs you use. Without an OS, your computer would be like a car without a driver!
🌍 Popular Operating Systems
| Operatsioonisüsteem | Looja | Used On | Free? |
|---|---|---|---|
| 🪟 Windows | Microsoft | Enamik laua- ja sülearvuteid | Ei (maksab raha) |
| 🍎 macOS | Apple | Maci arvutid | Included with Mac |
| 🐧 Linux | Community (Open Source!) | Arvutid, serverid, Raspberry Pi | ✅ YES — free forever! |
| 📱 Android | Google (based on Linux) | Enamik telefone ja tahvleid | ✅ Yes |
| 🍏 iOS | Apple | iPhones & iPads | Included with device |
| 🦊 ChromeOS | Google (based on Linux) | Chromebooks | Included with device |
🖥️ Linuxi töölauakeskkond
When you start a Linux computer, you see the Desktop. Siin on selle peamised osad:
🎨 Activity: Customize Your Desktop!
Try these steps on your computer:
- Right-click on the desktop and choose "Change Background" or "Wallpaper"
- Vali meeldiv taustapilt — proovi loodusfotot või lõbusat värvi!
- Ava süsteemi sätted ja leia jaotis „Appearance”
- Try switching between Light Mode and Dark Mode — which do you prefer?
- Change the text size to make it bigger or smaller
- Find the clock on your taskbar and check if the time is correct
🪟 Töö akendega (mitte operatsioonisüsteemiga!)
When you open a program, it appears in a window — a rectangular box on screen. Here are the controls:
| Button | What It Does | Keyboard Shortcut |
|---|---|---|
| ➖ Minimize | Hides the window but keeps it running | Super + H |
| 🔲 Maksimeeri | Muudab akna täisekraanisuuruseks | Super + ↑ |
| ❌ Close | Shuts down the program completely | Alt + F4 |
| ↔️ Resize | Drag the corner or edge to change size | — |
| 📌 Kinnita vasakule/paremale | Paiguta aken poolele ekraanile | Super + ← or → |
📄 Mis on fail?
A file is any piece of information saved on your computer. Just like a physical document in a filing cabinet, a digital file has a name and contains content. Every photo you take, every document you type, and every song you listen to is a file!
📁 Mis on kaust?
A folder (nimetatakse ka directory) on nagu mahuti, mis hoiab faile. Korra hoidmiseks saad panna kaustu teiste kaustade sisse — täpselt nagu karpe suuremate karpide sisse!
🏫 School = Your Computer
📂 Klassiruum = kaust
📄 Tööleht = fail
📂 Klassiruum → 📂 matemaatika kaust → 📄 homework.odt = kaustad kaustade sees!
📝 Failinimed ja -laiendid
Every file has two parts in its name: the name and the extension. Laiend ütleb arvutile, mis tüüpi fail see on.
| Extension | Type | Avatakse rakendusega | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| .odt | 📝 Dokument (avatud vorming) | LibreOffice Writer | my_story.odt |
| .docx | 📝 Dokument (Microsoft) | LibreOffice Writer | report.docx |
| 📄 Kirjutuskaitstud dokument | PDF-vaatur | certificate.pdf | |
| .ods | 📊 Arvutustabel (avatud) | LibreOffice Calc | grades.ods |
| .odp | 🎬 Presentation (Open) | LibreOffice Impress | science.odp |
| .jpg / .png | 🖼️ Pilt / foto | Image Viewer | photo.jpg |
| .mp3 | 🎵 Audio / Music | Muusikapleier | song.mp3 |
| .mp4 | 🎬 Video | Video Player | movie.mp4 |
| .txt | 📃 Lihttekst | Text Editor | notes.txt |
| .zip | 📦 Tihendatud arhiiv | Archive Manager | backup.zip |
🛠️ Failitoimingud: põhioskused
Create a new folder: Ava failihaldur → paremklõpsa tühjal alal → vali „New Folder” → sisesta nimi → vajuta Enter.
Create a new file: Ava rakendus (näiteks LibreOffice Writer) → kirjuta sisu → vali File → Save As → vali asukoht → pane failile nimi → klõpsa Save.
Keyboard shortcut: Ctrl + Shift + N creates a new folder in most file managers!
Meetod 1: Right-click the file → choose "Rename" → type the new name → press Enter.
Meetod 2: Click the file once to select it → press F2 → type the new name → press Enter.
Important rules: Don't use special characters like / \ : * ? " < > | in file names. Don't change the file extension unless you know what you're doing!
Copy (Ctrl + C): teeb koopia. Algne fail jääb paigale.
Cut (Ctrl + X): teisaldab faili. Algne fail eemaldatakse vanast asukohast.
Kleebi (Ctrl + V): asetab kopeeritud või lõigatud faili uude asukohta.
Think of it like this: Copy = photocopy a page (original stays). Cut = pick up the page and move it somewhere else.
Delete: Select the file → press the Delete key. The file goes to the Trash (pole igaveseks kadunud!).
Restore: Ava prügikast → paremklõpsa failil → vali selle taastamiseks „Restore”.
Püsiv kustutamine: Empty the Trash to remove files forever. Be careful — you can't undo this!
Shortcut: Shift + Delete permanently deletes without using the Trash (use with caution!).
Can't find a file? Use the Search feature:
In File Manager: Click the search icon (🔍) or press Ctrl + F, then type part of the file name.
From Desktop: Press the Super key and start typing — Linux will search for files and apps!
Tip: Give your files clear, descriptive names so they're easy to find later. "math_homework_chapter3.odt" is much better than "document1.odt"!
🎮 Activity: Treasure Hunt — Organize the Messy Folder!
Your teacher will give you a folder full of messy, disorganized files. Your mission:
- Create folders named: "Documents", "Images", "Music", "Videos", "Other"
- Teisalda iga fail laiendi järgi õigesse kausta
- Rename any files that have confusing names (like "asdfgh.jpg" → "sunset_photo.jpg")
- Delete any duplicate files you find
- Take a screenshot of your organized folder to show your teacher!
🧠 RAM või salvestusruum: mis vahe neil on?
Inimesed ajavad sageli segi memory (RAM) ja storage, kuid neil on väga erinevad ülesanded:
💾 Salvestusruum = Your backpack or locker. It holds all your stuff permanently — books, notebooks, lunch — even when you're not using them.
| Feature | 🧠 RAM (mälu) | 💾 Salvestusruum (kõvaketas / SSD) |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | Holds data being used right now | Saves data permanently |
| Speed | Very fast ⚡ | Slower (HDD) or Fast (SSD) |
| When power is off | Data is LOST ❌ | Data is KEPT ✅ |
| Typical size | 4 GB – 16 GB | 128 GB – 2 TB |
| Võrdlus | Desk at school | Backpack / locker |
📏 Andmemahtude mõistmine
Data is measured in bytes. Suurused on väikseimast suurimani järgmised:
| Unit | Size | What It Can Hold |
|---|---|---|
| 1 bait (B) | 1 märk | Üks täht, näiteks „A” |
| 1 kilobait (KB) | 1,000 baiti | Lühike tekstsõnum |
| 1 megabait (MB) | 1,000 KB | Üks kvaliteetne foto või üks laul |
| 1 gigabait (GB) | 1,000 MB | Umbes 250 laulu või 1 film |
| 1 terabait (TB) | 1,000 GB | Umbes 500 tundi videot! |
💿 Salvestusruumi tüübid
☁️ What is Cloud Storage?
Cloud storage means your files are saved on powerful computers (servers) on the internet instead of just on your own device. This has big advantages:
| ✅ Advantages | ⚠️ Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Juurdepääs failidele kõikjalt | Vajab internetiühendust |
| Files are backed up automatically | Privacy concerns — who can see your data? |
| Share files easily with others | Free plans have limited space |
| Pole USB-mälupulga kaotamise riski | Kuutasud suurema salvestusruumi eest |
🔌 USB-mäluseadme ohutu eemaldamine
Ära tõmba USB-mälupulka kunagi lihtsalt välja! Andmekao vältimiseks vali alati esmalt „Väljasta”:
- Save and close any files you have open from the USB drive
- Find the USB icon in the file manager sidebar
- Click the "Eject" button (⏏️) next to the drive name
- Wait for the notification saying "Safe to remove"
- Nüüd võid USB-mälupulga ohutult eemaldada
🤔 Mis on tarkvara?
Software is a set of instructions (called code) that tells the computer what to do. There are different kinds of software:
| Type | What It Does | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 🖥️ Operatsioonisüsteem | Runs the whole computer | Linux, Windows, macOS |
| 📝 Rakendustarkvara | Helps you do specific tasks | LibreOffice, Firefox, GIMP |
| 🎮 Games | Entertainment and fun! | SuperTuxKart, Minetest |
| ⚙️ Utility Software | Hooldab ja kaitseb arvutit | File manager, backup tools, antivirus |
| 👨💻 Development Tools | For creating new software | VS Code, Python, Scratch |
🔓 Avatud lähtekood või suletud lähtekood
This is one of the most important ideas at Alin Li! Software can be either avatud lähtekoodi või closed source (proprietary):
🔒 Suletud lähtekood = The code is secret and owned by a company. You pay to use it, and you can't see or change how it works. Like a secret recipe only one restaurant knows.
| Feature | 🔓 Avatud lähtekoodiga | 🔒 Suletud lähtekood |
|---|---|---|
| Cost | Usually FREE ✅ | Usually costs money 💰 |
| Code visible? | Yes — anyone can see it | Ei — see on saladus |
| Can you modify it? | Yes — customize freely | Ei — ainult muutmata kasutamine |
| Community | Built by volunteers worldwide | Built by one company |
| Privaatsus | You can verify what it does | You trust the company |
🌟 Amazing Open-Source Alternatives
For almost every paid software, there's a free open-source alternative that's just as good:
| Task | 🔒 Tasuline tarkvara | 🔓 Avatud lähtekoodiga alternatiiv |
|---|---|---|
| 📝 Dokumendid, arvutustabelid | Microsoft Office | LibreOffice |
| 🌐 Web Browsing | Google Chrome | Firefox / Brave |
| 🎨 Photo Editing | Adobe Photoshop | GIMP |
| 🖌️ Vektorjoonistamine | Adobe Illustrator | Inkscape |
| 🎬 Video Editing | Adobe Premiere | Kdenlive / Shotcut |
| 🎵 Audio Editing | Audition | Audacity |
| 📧 E-post | Outlook | Thunderbird |
| ☁️ Cloud Storage | Google Drive | Nextcloud |
| 🖥️ Operatsioonisüsteem | Windows / macOS | Linux (Ubuntu, Mint, Fedora) |
📥 Tarkvara paigaldamine Linuxis
Linuxis on tarkvara installimine lihtne ja turvaline! Selleks on mitu võimalust:
The Software Center is like an app store for Linux. All apps are reviewed for safety.
- Ava „Software Center” (või „Ubuntu Software” või „GNOME Software”)
- Use the search bar to find the app you want (e.g., "GIMP")
- Click on the app to read its description and reviews
- Click "Install" — you may need to enter your password
- Wait for the download and installation to finish
- Find your new app in the Application Menu and enjoy!
The Terminal is a text-based way to control your computer. It's powerful and fast!
To install software, type: sudo apt install program-name
For example, to install GIMP: sudo apt install gimp
„sudo“ tähendab, et küsid administraatori õigusi. „apt“ on paketihaldur, mis laadib tarkvara alla ja paigaldab selle turvaliselt.
Flatpak ja Snap are modern ways to install apps that work on any Linux distribution. They keep apps sandboxed (isolated) for extra security.
Paljud rakendused on saadaval Flathub.org — a website where you can browse and install Flatpak apps.
🗑️ Tarkvara eemaldamine
To remove software you no longer need:
- Ava tarkvarakeskus
- Go to the "Installed" tab to see all your apps
- Find the app you want to remove
- Click "Remove" or "Uninstall" and confirm
• Only install from trusted sources (Software Center, official websites)
• Never install software from unknown email attachments
• Read reviews and check ratings before installing
• Ask a teacher or parent if you're not sure about an app
• Keep your software updated — updates fix bugs and security issues!
🎮 Activity: Install Your First Open-Source App!
Follow your teacher's instructions to install one of these fun, free apps:
Congratulations!
You have completed Moodul 1: arvuti põhioskused of the Alin Li ICDL Academy!